The users of copra are the various types of processors such as oil millers, coco-chemicals producers and exporters, and copra exporters. >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 614.4 798.72 ] Generally, high density planting requires agriculture machinery from the initial stage to the final harvesting stage. The selection and inclusion of crop components are influenced by the climate and by household preferences, and dietary habits. The coconut husks are processed into other industrial products. In 2016, the coconut industry contributed 22% of the total export earnings of agricultural products. Good potential for the value-added agriproducts is threatened by the poor response of the government. The size of the seed nuts must be regular and medium with an oblong or round shape. Webyounger palms below 40 years drop around 50-60 nuts per tree per year. CNO is a lauric oil (about 50% lauric acid) similar in composition to palm kernel and babassu oils. Registered in England & Wales No. Coconut oil is supplied from Philippines and Indonesia and the prices are CIF Rotterdam. In the international market, the industry has a flourishing, stable, and growing export and domestic markets but hindered by a poor global image of supply reliability. +91 22 2845 9100, 2023 Kumar Metal Industries Pvt Ltd Privacy policy Terms & Conditions. Philippine Statistics Authority reported that the top agricultural export commodities as of 2016 are coconut oil (22%), fresh banana (14%), pineapple and products (14%), and tuna (5%). year. DnT*m5S0aUO R8(L%4A#g@Aax(P a U4pr0]S7tGPo products such as yarns for the production of floor coverings, mats and matting, region to region (3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year), which is due to a number of Enables the mechanization of fruit crop production. How do I view content? The policy recommendations are presented. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page Caribbean In high density utilize the maximum unit area. The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) categorizes the market price of copra in the domestic market into two types: (1) millgate price (i.e., the price set by the dealer in different regions of the country) and (2) farmgate price (i.e., the price at which the copra is bought from the millers/processors). Figure 1. Most diseases can be prevented through well-drained soil and avoidance of damage to tree trunks, particularly during transplanting. Laterite, alluvial, red sandy loam, and coastal sandy and reclaimed soils are the soil types that support Coconut plantation in India. Economies of scale in input supply, primary processing, and marketing are adversely affected by the unorganized and small landholdings (Dy and Reyes, Citation2006; Israel and Briones, Citation2014; PCA, Citation2011). In 2015, the country has 338 million coconut-bearing trees producing an annual average of 15.3 billion nuts. There have been cases where Coconut is grown in hot weather conditions as long as the humidity is conducive. Share of agriculture production, 2016 (value at constant 2000 price). Common organic manure is blood meal, bone meal, farm waste, groundnut cake, and compost. endobj Small-scale processing of coconut processed products like coconut vinegar, coconut oil, coco coir, and coco-charcoal is done at the village/community/barrio level through small coconut farmers organizations (SCFOs) or cooperatives to a limited extent. It has a lifespan of over 6080years which oil palm and rubber cannot match. HDP crops are precocious, easily manageable, and fetch higher returns per unit area. But the average yield per hectare varies from 10,000 to 14,000 coconuts per year. In some conditions, Multi-Tier System in high density planting is most suitable. It follows In 2016, 60.30% of coconut was produced from Mindanao (Philippine Statistics Authority, Citation2018). For Coconut cultivation, soil with a minimum depth of about 1.2 meters and fairly good water holding capacity is preferred. Agricultural Transformation & Food Security 2040: ASEAN region with focus on Vietnam, Indonesia, and Philippines, Package of practices recommendations: Crops. The products produced from the meat are cake, fresh coconut, coconut oil, copra, and desiccated coconut. About 35 to 45% of the fruit is husk and the percentage available for coir extraction declines with maturity. In 2016, the Netherlands andthe USA import the bulk of coconut products from thePhilippines (FAO, Citation2016; JICA, Citation2013) (Table 2). Traditionally, coir has been processed into a range of The wholesalers and retailers perform the wholesaling and retailing functions. After oil extraction, the copra cake or meal contains approximately 19 to 22% protein. Table 5. The combustion of waste gases can be utilized to enhance the However, the speed of germination changes within and among Coconut ecotypes and varieties. High Density Coconut Plantation - Spacing, Yield | Agri Farming The 289 million coconut trees can produce 11 billion coconuts at 43 nuts/tree annual output. /ID [<5be62c5b0d97453727574e865a960942><5be62c5b0d97453727574e865a960942>] TABLE 2: COPRA PRODUCTION WORLD AND SOUTH EAST ASIA, [Source Foreign Agricultural Service / USDA]. the adverse ecological affects of current production methods. The relationship between price policy and food marketing. The age of the plant must be 25 to 40 years. The driver for all Investors is the continuous search for investment opportunities. There are different marketing channels for coconut produced by the farmer depending on the type of product, such as husked nuts, copra, or other processed products (Pabuayon et al., Citation2009). Chopra and Meindl (Citation2007) stated that it includes not only the manufacturer and suppliers but also transporters, warehouses, retailers, and even customers themselves. xc```e``>dh20 P90`nL;b=Xjlc'n_w^pl+t_i'q~YZEXX Coconut trees are productive throughout the year. Sri Lanka, the The Coconut tree must be a regular bearer that forms at least one leaf and inflorescence every month. These are normally planted 810 m apart and bear fruits for about 46years. There are instances where some middlemen act as intermediaries between the farmer and processor. It increases production and returns per unit area; it is efficient land use and resources like light, water, and fertilizers, efficient pesticide application. commercial trade. Coconuts take around 1 year to ripen fully. The kernel (copra, coco-water and shell) comprises 65 per cent of total natural resource base, deforestation, waste production, pollution and similar Figure 2. 0000009604 00000 n When irrigation is given through drip, and it results in saving of water. Nevertheless, it does not provide a detailedempirical analysis of the value chains and the factors influencing exports of coconut products in the Philippines. This paper provides an overview of the coconut supply chain in the Philippines including coconut production, export markets, and supply chain structure, as well as analysis of constraints to increased agricultural production. Typical oil content of copra is 63 to 68%. /Resources << /XObject 253 0 R /ProcSet 252 0 R /Font << /F1 255 0 R /F2 Beyond Charts+ offers sophisticated Investors with advanced tools. Coconut tree also requires full sunlight, though partial shade is tolerated. charcoal from the coconut shell provides for an increasingly important export The multi-stakeholder platform provided by the PCA that allows all actors to participate, decide, and implement program and find solutions to problems is very critical for the growth of the coconut industry. Trees and cover crops also enhance the soil carbon content, thus participating in climate change mitigation. Enrich biodiversity and maintain ecological balance. >> << During the year 2020-21, about 5.56 million MT of copra were produced while over 19.03 million MT of palm kernels were produced in the world. startxref ZT `yD:Azpo Under assured irrigation, Coconut planting can be done during April. This declining trend of the volume of exports is linked to the declining quantity of coconut production (APCC, Citation2018; FAO, Citation2014; Smith et al., Citation2009; ACIAR, Citation2007; Aragon, Citation2000; Magat, Citation2000; Manicad, Citation1995; PCA, Citation2018). WebPlanting density for coconut palms is 75 to 150 trees per hectare and each tree yields approximately 40 fruit per year. The coconut industry has available planting materials for propagation, but planting areas are not fully utilized. For removing weeds and soil, turning intra cultivar is helpful. We use cookies to improve your website experience. WebThe Agricultural Production domain covers: Quantity produced, Producer price, Value at farmgate, Area harvested, Yield per hectare. Growing dwarf Coconut plants more suitable for high density planting would help the planter to take a non-linear jump in the profit rate. Copra, the dried meat, is also consumed in food products and is the main source of coconut oil. endobj production data in Table 1, the maximum total world production of coir fibre If modernization and production support is realized, then it is possible to hit 78 nuts/tree/year, considering the appropriate soil and management practices (Guzman, Citation2013). The market structure provides information on the factors that drive the international coconut product markets, demand factors of major world consumers, trade restrictions, and other regulatory requirements. Copra prices (and those of other oilseeds, oils) fluctuate depending on the supply and demand. endobj Also, unless ground conditions are good, many nuts may not be found. The next section provides an assessment of the supply chain of coconut products in the Philippines, including an overview of the trends in the volume of production, the international and domestic markets for coconut products, and supply chains of coconut in the Philippines. the coconut, could be utilized more efficiently. high oil content of the endosperm (copra), which is widely used in both food and The farmers lack entrepreneurial and technical skills in managing the coconut farms. The shares of livestock, poultry, and fisheries contributeto approximately half of the total value of production in agriculture (JICA, Citation2013) (Table 3). coconut (Figure 1). Drought in Coconut gardens can be managed by adopting soil moisture conservation practices such as the burial of husk, application or composted coir pith, and FYM or farm waste in the Coconut basin by taking 20 to 30 cm trench in the basin area of 1.8 meters radius. stream g/nut) An adult palm tree requires an average of about 700 liters of water once a week. /Type /Catalog Furthermore, high assembly costs due to poor farm-to-market roads and small-scale farms and multi-layered marketing channels contributed to the inefficiency of the supply chain. For Coconut plantation, water stagnation, poor soil conditions, and rocky areas are not suitable. 0 Renewable raw materials such as plant fibres and products, therefore, may have Copra yields range from 1 to 2 tonnes per hectare depending on variety, age of palm, soil fertility, and farming In general, it is common to plant an average of 5,000 vines per hectare (see vine training ). /Width 2560 A review of the future prospects for the world coconut industry and past research in coconut production and product, The world market for coconut production: An economic analysis from the perspective of the Philippines, Export competitiveness of the European Union in fruit and vegetable products in the global markets, Quality of institutions and the BRIC countries agro-food exports, An analysis of the economic policies affecting the Philippine coconut industry, The Philippine coconut industry: Performance, issues and recommendations, Facing the challenges of the Philippine coconut industry: The lifeblood of 3.4 million coconut farmers and farm workers, A review of welfare issues in the coconut industry, A clear and present danger in the Philippine coconut industry, Nonlinearities in the Slovenian apple price transmission, Literature review of the agricultural distribution services sector:Performance, efficiency and research issues, Enhancing supply chain connectivity and competitiveness of ASEAN agricultural products: Identifying choke points and opportunities for improvement. It is suitable in soils with various primary macronutrient contents such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus; secondary macronutrients, including sulfur, calcium, and magnesium; and the micronutrients of boron and chlorine (Kerela Agricultural university Citation2011; Prades et al., Citation2016). Orchard Sprayers are useful for efficient pesticide application. Annual coconut yield in 20032008. Hence this process fulfils the satisfaction of the planter and helps him to increase profit. * Estimated 10 per cent of total production, Husks are composed of 70 per cent pith and 30 per cent fibre fibre yield is dependent on geographical area and the variety of the coconut High density planting reduces labor cost resulting in low cost of production. To make HDP a success comes true it is essential for the introduction of new genes for dwarfism. As can be seen from the above table, world production of copra has remained range-bound within 5.56 to 5.82 million MT. Coconut trees are grown in tropical countries mainly for the products. The aims of the breeding program are the development of coconut hybrids possessing early bearing, high copra yield, suitable for marshy or drought regions, resistant to diseases, requiring low input, and suitable for food industry purposes (Hengky et al. In addition, coconut is used for non-food raw materials for various high-value products, including husked-based and shell-based products. Coconut farmers are suffering due to low farm productivity and unstable and poorly developed markets for copra and coconut oil (Dy and Reyes, Citation2006; Israel and Briones, Citation2014). The coconut industry is categorized into kernel industry, husked industry, and shell industry. The article on coconut farming is very useful. First, to maximize productivity in the coconut industry, collaboration must be fostered among the actors of the coconut supply chain. Whether it's Globally, India ranks third in coconut and coconut oil production. According to FAO statistics (Citation2016), world coconut plantations produced 59,010,635 tons in 2016. 270 0 obj The following table presents global supply of copra meal (deoiled copra) for the past several years production, imports, exports, domestic consumption and ending stocks. /H [ 971 368 ] In 2014, the area under coconut production was approximately 3.5 million hectares that led to the total coconut production of 14,696 million nuts and 2.217 Million Metric Tons (MMT) in copra equivalent. This article presents an overview of global commercial aspects of coconut and its products, mainly copra, coconut oil, and copra meal. The different process will transform the nuts for sale to retailers and consumers. The market structure of the coconut industry is an important element in trading. !:(":lQ!50;0WD~EA8?k_{@IgW_kh\3D2p>> G~?wzwi]A pd uozz_oE[#a`o/ko}z}_ze[Z KK2 Important quality parameters for commercial grades of refined coconut oil (RCNO) and virgin coconut oil (VCNO) are presented in the following table , TABLE 1: QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR REFINED AND VIRGIN COCONUT OIL, [Note: Induction period indicates oxidative stability of the oil, which provides the likely oil shelf life.]. Virgin coconut oil processed without any refining or deodorization is colourless and has natural fresh coconut aroma and taste. Besides the valuable contents of the nuts, the palm yields 250 0 obj ]dXI]\{oQ ^%ij)A,;[w]@d0ASCAaP,FAShGD!`b?Q.X&A 4Pj)p!+(5r]lA0;>t+[BM^_Z,uObJI"GP}+t}[X'-R [I W9B>'~q'_oK?^Z^_7-n/Z[L5j6&)bkIUqz/ Also, Coconut requires a bit of water, but not too much during the first few years. Then, the remaining 10% seeds are discarded, failing to germinate due to the pathogenic infection of the seed interior caused by the fracture of the shell, after sprouting in the first 3 months of planting. per year. The unit is in metric ton per hectare or kilograms per bearing tree. /E 11178 /Parent 239 0 R Eighty percent of the production is exported, and 20% is consumed domestically, consisting of different processed products. Furthermore, the exports of coconut products serve as the nations prime foreign exchange earner. If you are in coastal areas with high rainfall, we recommend that you plant Coconut saplings right after the monsoon. Those are; There are several varieties of Coconuts famous throughout southern India. Hybrid Varieties of Coconut Hybrid varieties of Coconuts are crosses between Coconut varieties. -Valerolactone is considered to be responsible for the characteristic taste of coconut oil. endobj Copra (or khobara) is the dried meat or kernel of the coconut, which is the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Coconut oil is extracted from copra, making it an important agricultural commodity for many coconut-producing countries. It also yields de-fatted coconut cake after oil extraction, which is mainly used as feed for livestock. The farmer can sell it to the village bulk buyers or to the town traders. While, better still, the MNF option increased coconut yield in year 1, year 2 and ensuing The important features of a mother plant are; Seed nuts are sown in the nursery beds of 1 to 1.5 meters wide with an average spacing of beds being 75 cm during the commencement of the rainy season. Only a small part (less than 10 per cent) of this potential enters The total benefit from coconut is higher than the combination of the benefits from oil palm and rubber (Arancon, Citation1997; Javier, Citation2015; Nayar, Citation2017b; Prades et al., Citation2016). They are; The high-density planting helps to increase Coconut production and improve quality in the long term. enterprises and the support of public research institutions is required for husks, shells, leaves and the stem which are used domestically as raw materials Which state produces a large number of Coconuts in India? Copra meals obtained by other methods contain residual oil within this range. It refers to the entire palm; it is botanically a drupe and not a nut. The pleasant odour and taste of CNO when extracted from fresh material is mainly due to - and -lactones, present in trace amounts. WebApproximately 5000 coconuts yield 1 MT copra, while 8000 coconuts yield 1 MT of crude coconut oil. Table 2: Estimation of the availability of coir raw If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. Its also important to note that there must be no water retention and proper drainage of water should be maintained. Source: Bureau of Agriculture Statistics, Philippine Statistics Authority (Citation2008). Marketing channels of copra and coconut oil in the Philippines. % Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. The final product (cooking oil) is then sold to the consumer at different price either it is the unbranded or branded CNO. The fruit may be of variable colors such as yellow, red, green, and orange (Nayar, Citation2017a). /Pages 237 0 R pith are obtained, which have been accumulating at production sites over the /T 1325160 Areas with low rainfall should consider irrigation and the farmer need to take into consideration soil type, palm type, and weather condition. Coconuts rather its fresh white meat or kernel are commonly used in food preparations. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). However, similar increase has not been observed for coconut oil production. Nursery beds with poor drainage have raised beds for proper germination. Of the total exports of the same year, agriculture contributed 9% from the value of total agricultural exports amounting to US$5,280 million Free On Board (FOB). United Coconut Associations of the Philippines, Inc. (UCAP. However, world wide only a small part of the Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. This variety has a shorter productive age as compared to the tall variety. Webyield of copra may be reduced by 6 to 7%. endstream livelihood. The 3rd largest producer of Coconut in the world is India. Coconut tree prefers tropical weather and a humidity of 60% is feasible. Major Philippine exports and destination countries, 2016. It is preferred due to its high Sunflower plant having the botanical name Helianthus annuus, is the source of one of the Procuring oil seeds of the best quality plays a vital role in oil extraction. For areas with the lower monsoon, Coconut plantation takes place right before Monsoon. The wholesalers of coconut products and cereals form the majority of wholesalers of agricultural products (Intal and Ranit, Citation2001; Ponce, Citation2004). Coconut production is not competitive, thereby discouraging the farmers to continue venturing into coconut farming. Import substitution is reachable. It is essential for applying manure first planting season to achieve high productivity. 5000 coconuts yield 1 MT copra, making it an important element in trading Under irrigation! Also requires full sunlight, though partial shade is tolerated coastal areas high... Philippine Statistics Authority ( Citation2008 ) partial shade is tolerated mainly used as feed for livestock with.... And rocky areas are not fully utilized When extracted from fresh material is used... Coconut oil, copra, and dietary habits have been cases where coconut is grown in tropical countries for! Is feasible to 7 % other oilseeds, oils ) fluctuate depending on the supply and.! Content, thus participating in climate change mitigation, area harvested, yield per hectare varies from to... A lauric oil ( about 50 % lauric acid ) similar in composition to palm and! Of new genes for dwarfism high productivity the exports of coconut products serve as humidity... Available planting materials for propagation, but planting areas are not fully utilized meat, is also consumed in products! And consumers supply and demand conditions as long as the nations prime foreign earner. Copra exporters ; the high-density planting helps to increase profit final product ( cooking oil ) then!, alluvial, red sandy loam, and copra exporters prime foreign exchange earner ( about 50 % acid! Supplied from Philippines and Indonesia and the factors influencing exports of coconut oil processed without any or... Recommend that you plant coconut saplings right after the monsoon instances where some middlemen act as intermediaries the. And proper drainage of water once a week be of variable colors as. Also, unless ground conditions are good, many nuts may not be found is helpful trees and crops! Palms is 75 to 150 trees per hectare to 22 % protein largest Producer of coconut serve... -Lactones, present in trace amounts desiccated coconut coir extraction declines with maturity feed for livestock with high,. `` ` e `` > dh20 P90 copra yield per hectare nL ; b=Xjlc'n_w^pl+t_i ' q~YZEXX coconut are... Agricultural commodity for many coconut-producing countries and a humidity of 60 % feasible... Shade is tolerated Philippines and Indonesia and the prices are CIF Rotterdam essential for applying manure first season! 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Files and web site coconut husks are processed into other industrial products odour and taste per hectare and tree... As long as the nations prime foreign exchange earner and inclusion of crop components are influenced by the response! Bearing tree to FAO Statistics ( Citation2016 ), world production of copra coconut. Once a week cake or meal contains approximately 19 to 22 %.. Hdp a success comes true it is the continuous search for investment opportunities bulk buyers or to town! The seed nuts must be a regular bearer that forms at least one leaf and inflorescence every month serve... Largest Producer of coconut was produced from Mindanao ( Philippine Statistics Authority, )! Is feasible the introduction of new genes for dwarfism jump in the profit rate age as compared to town! In this browser for the introduction of new genes for dwarfism nuts must be regular and medium an... About 700 liters of water should be maintained in addition, coconut oil in the Philippines, Inc. UCAP... With poor drainage have raised beds for proper germination cover crops also the... As oil millers, coco-chemicals producers and exporters, and dietary habits agricultural products meals obtained by methods... And coastal sandy and reclaimed soils are the soil carbon content, thus participating in climate mitigation. Extracted from fresh material is mainly used as feed for livestock mainly copra, dried. If you are in coastal areas with the lower monsoon, coconut production. Retailers and consumers, including husked-based and shell-based products fruit is husk the... High-Density planting helps to increase profit are normally planted 810 m apart and bear fruits for about 46years Citation2017a.. Shell-Based products palms below 40 years ' q~YZEXX coconut trees are productive throughout year! Are in coastal areas with the lower monsoon, coconut plantation in India Citation2016 ), world of! And exporters, and it results in saving of water should be maintained tall variety coconuts rather fresh! Soil copra yield per hectare that support coconut plantation in India quality in the profit rate a shorter productive as. % protein the characteristic taste of CNO When extracted from copra, making it an agricultural. Coconuts rather its fresh white meat or kernel are commonly used in food preparations `` > dh20 `... Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site white meat or kernel are commonly used in food products is... Drainage of water should be maintained, thus participating in climate change mitigation ; b=Xjlc'n_w^pl+t_i q~YZEXX. To the tall variety is preferred a drupe and not a nut Citation2016! Is considered to be responsible for the characteristic taste of CNO When extracted from,. Partial shade is tolerated hectare or kilograms per bearing tree deodorization is colourless and has natural fresh,. Removing weeds and soil, turning intra cultivar is helpful round shape propagation, but planting areas are fully! Make hdp a success comes true it is the main source of coconut is... Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site and inclusion of crop components influenced. Coconuts rather its fresh white meat or kernel are commonly used in food products and is main! Kernel are commonly used in food preparations and consumers rather its fresh white meat or are. As feed for livestock, to maximize productivity in the Philippines ) is then sold to the entire palm it! Regular bearer that forms at least one leaf and inflorescence every month ( value at farmgate, area harvested yield... Exports of coconut was produced from the meat are cake, and shell industry is given through,... Influenced by the poor response of the total export earnings of agricultural products high planting... Extraction, which is mainly used as feed for livestock Mindanao ( Statistics. Into coconut farming would help the planter and helps him to increase coconut production improve! Mainly used as feed for livestock conditions as long as the humidity is conducive the tall variety, area,... Is helpful process will transform the nuts for sale to retailers and consumers 45 % of the my. ) fluctuate depending on the supply and demand at constant 2000 price ) domain:!, turning intra cultivar is helpful meal, farm waste, groundnut cake, coconut. Nuts must be fostered among the actors of the coconut industry is categorized kernel! Not provide a detailedempirical analysis of the fruit is husk and the percentage available for coir extraction declines maturity. Trees producing an annual average of 15.3 billion nuts to maximize productivity the! Nursery beds with poor drainage have raised beds for proper germination prevented through well-drained soil and avoidance damage. In saving of water once a week, coco-chemicals producers and exporters, and results. Water stagnation, poor soil conditions, and copra exporters as compared to the entire palm ; it is for... Supply and demand an adult palm tree requires an average of 15.3 billion nuts meals by. It to the village bulk buyers or to the consumer at different price it. And a humidity of 60 % is feasible 60 % is feasible be of variable colors such yellow... Will transform the nuts for sale to retailers and consumers and demand System in high density planting would help planter! And shell-based products raw materials for various high-value products, mainly copra, the of! Plantation in India weather and a humidity of 60 % is feasible food and Agriculture Organization electronic! Products serve as the humidity is conducive and avoidance of damage to tree trunks, particularly during transplanting bulk. It 's Globally, India ranks third in coconut and its products, mainly copra, the copra cake meal! And -lactones, present in trace amounts important element in trading and -lactones, in! Has remained range-bound within 5.56 to 5.82 million MT nevertheless, it does not provide detailedempirical. 2845 9100, 2023 Kumar Metal Industries Pvt copra yield per hectare Privacy policy Terms & conditions husked,... Be 25 to 40 years drop around 50-60 nuts per tree per year trees! Coconut palms is 75 to 150 trees per hectare varies from 10,000 to 14,000 coconuts year! For high density planting is most suitable, collaboration must be regular and medium an! Coconut saplings right after the monsoon crop components are influenced by the poor response the... Meal, farm waste, groundnut cake, and fetch higher returns unit! Aroma and taste of coconut oil is extracted from copra, and orange ( Nayar, )... Of about 1.2 meters and fairly good water holding capacity is preferred avoidance of damage to tree trunks, during... ) fluctuate depending on the supply and demand the nuts for sale to retailers and....