American journal of public health. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Weiss RS. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Part of 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Springer Nature. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Accessibility This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. In the mid-19th . Park, K. (n.d.). 125"128. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Ann N Y Acad Sci. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The practice of epidemiology. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Article Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. MeSH Social Research Methods. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Would you like email updates of new search results? Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Before Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. New York: The Free Press; 1994. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. 2007;2:942. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Nature of qualitative evidence. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. 2005;60:50113. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Cite this article. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. 0 It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. We've updated our privacy policy. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. For example, the qallicha Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Germs cause disease. (DOCX 17 kb). Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Soc Sci Med. PubMed Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Epub 2022 Apr 6. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Young A. 2005;60:691700. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Antonitto A. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Google Scholar. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Disclaimer. Full Text: PDF. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Wilson. The move towards a new public health police. Oman Med J. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . 4. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. TWIO. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. BMC Public Health Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). J Genet Couns. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. 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