From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. [17][18], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. Florida Gov. During the first election, Washington won the electors of all ten eligible states. As a result, he became the first Vice President of the United States. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. (e) Two electors from Maryland did not vote. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first President, he wrote that "the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state.". On Feb. 13, 1793, the votes were counted during a joint session of Congress. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. He was also one of the anonymous writers responsible for the Federalist Papers in the lead-up to the creation of the United States Constitution. All Rights Reserved. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution. Following the ratification of the Constitution by the necessary nine states in July of 1788, Congress set January 7 of the following year as the date by which states were required to choose electors. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000. in English. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. The two men nearly crashed into the Channel along the way, however, as their balloon was weighed read more. The Campaign and Election of 1796: Throughout Washington's presidency, Vice President Adams regarded himself as the heir apparent. Yet, his dreams of a tranquil retirement were at odds with his peers andthe American people at large. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. On the other hand, Washington could not escape his conscience. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. Jefferson suggested John Jay, John Rutledge, and Virginian James Madison as other possible candidates. So, Washington and Adams held on to their roles for the second term. [7], Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825[8]. The vote totals of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost. "The Election of 1788-89." Join the thousands of fellow patriots who rely on our 5-minute newsletter to stay informed on the key events and trends that shaped our nation's past and continue to shape its present. Each of the participating electors cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. Although his win was a foregone conclusion, it was important to go through the democratic process to elect the president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. (Four remaining votes were cast for Jefferson and one for Burr.) Other candidates receiving multiple electoral votes were John Jay (9), Robert Harrison (6), John Rutledge (6), John Hancock (4), and George Clinton (3). The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. Following the Constitutional Convention of May 1787, over which George Washington had presided, his ascent to the presidency was all but a fait accompli. Boller, Paul, Jr. Presidential Campaigns. Adams received 77 votes as Washington's running mate on the Federalist ticket to 50 for Democratic-Republican George Clinton, 4 for Thomas Jefferson, and 1 for Aaron Burr. 3 (September 2006): 373-390. Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91. Who ran against George Washington for the role of president? Strange, Fun and Weird Facts about US Presidents. Suffering from diminished physical abilities, Pres. Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. Michaelsen, William B. With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. Bibliography:Boller, Paul, Jr. Presidential Campaigns. The United States presidential election of 1820 was the third and last presidential election in United States history in which a candidate ran effectively unopposed. All Rights Reserved. Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. Need help with homework? For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1789. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 different candidates, including John Jay, who finished second with nine electoral votes. "I walk on untrodden ground," was a frequent comment he made in the days leading up to his first inauguration. Updates? OnMay 16 1789, Mrs. Washington and her grandchildren, Nelly and Washy, embarked on an 11-day journey through Baltimore, Philadelphia, and more. The Khmer Rouge, organized by Pol Pot in the Cambodian jungle in the 1960s, advocated a radical Communist revolution that would wipe out read more, You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen because of the 1823 poem A Visit From St. Nicholas (aka Twas the Night Before Christmas), but your knowledge of Rudolphthe most famous reindeer of allcomes courtesy of a department store copywriter named Robert L. May, Mays read more, On January 7, 1999, the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, formally charged with lying under oath and obstructing justice, begins in the Senate. On April 30, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the first president. All of his notes in this volume appear alongside the text of the Constitution, where he drew neat brackets to highlight passages of particular interest. Source (popular vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 17871825[10]. The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest vote totals. Athens, O.: United States Capitol Historical Society by Ohio U, 1999. The United States presidential election of 1789 was the first presidential election in the United States of America. Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. 1273 Words6 Pages. Though Washington still received expansive support and respect, an opposition to several of his administrations policies was forming, particularly the creation of a national bank. Of those 12, the man with the highest number of votes would gain the top job, and the runner-up would take the role of vice president. In order to win the presidency, a candidate needs a majority of 270 electoral votes out of a possible 538. On March 1, 1792, the U.S. Congress had approved a law that regulated the procedures by which a president and vice president of the United States were chosen. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. Print. As expected, Washington received the maximum of 132 electoral votes and was therefore reelected as president. It was the first contested American presidential election . People were so concerned about a President who would try to take too much power, that anyone who tried to obtain the job would not be considered. This happened in the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. Being from Massachusetts, Adams election provided the administration a regional balance between the South and North. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792. Each state is allowed to choose as many electors as it has senators and representatives in Congress. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. All Rights Reserved. Spend the day with us! Although electors arent constitutionally mandated to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, it is demanded by tradition and required by law in 26 states and the District of Columbia (in some states, violating this rule is punishable by $1,000 fine). Both factions supported Washington for president. Discover the Home of George and Martha Washington. Five candidates split the remaining seven votes. The book now resides within The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. John Adams and George Clinton both played a part in each election. President Washington's inauguration was celebrated with illuminations and fireworks. ISBN9780786410170. Which president candidate ran against George W. Bush in 2004? The states chose 135 electors, out of whom 132 cast ballots. These men would cast their votes just under a month later, on February 4th. February 20, 2017. From there, the rest of the field received very few votes each. On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December of a presidential election year, each states electors meet, usually in their state capitol, and simultaneously cast their ballots nationwide. United States presidential election of 1792, A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps. The next highest total was that of Founding Father, He was also one of the anonymous writers responsible for the, He received the congressional notification about his win on April 16th before taking part in the first-ever, Washingtons Election for the Second Presidential Term. When Washington, in his Farewell Address, published in September 1796, announced his intention to . Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. [4], Nine of the 15 states eligible to chose representatives to the electoral college did so by a vote of the state legislature; the remaining six employed some form of popular vote. From what I understand, in the early days whoever had the most votes became President, and whoever came in second became the Vice President (it wasn't until later that they ran in pairs). But Washington's tremendous popularity was not transferable to Adams across the country, as the Vice President lost the South. George Clinton, a vehement champion of states rights. Adams, with 77 votes, edged out Clinton, with 50, to retain the vice presidency. Upon hearing the news of his decisive election, Washington set out from Mount Vernon to take his place in presidential history. Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. Of the 69 participating electors, each cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. read more, Around midday on January 7, 2015, gunmen raid the offices of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 people. He, too, was present for the signing of the Treaty of Paris and a leading figure during the creation of the Declaration of Independence. On April 14, Washington received official confirmation from Congress that he had been elected the first President of the United States. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. George Washington had wished to retire at the end of his first term in office. On February 4, 1789, the 69 members of the Electoral College made George Washington the only chief executive to be unanimously elected. John Kerry was the democratic nominee for president in 2004 and ran against George Bush. The vice-presidential vote split between John Adams (34), John Jay (9), Robert Harrison (6), and John Rutledge (6). But, all of the 64 electors unanimously agreed on George Washington as their first pick. One exhilarated eyewitness recalled that " my sensibility was wound to such a pitch that I could do no more than wave my hat with the rest, without the power of joining in the requested acclamations which rent the air!" Although Washington had been considering retiring, both sides encouraged him to remain in office to bridge factional differences. Even before the Constitution was ratified, rumors spread declaring George Washington would likely elected first President of the United States (much to the dismay of Washington himself). View the Primary Source:Washingtons First Inaugural Address|Second Inaugural Address. Though all states allowed some rudimentary form of popular vote, only six ratifying states allowed any form of popular vote specifically for presidential electors. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1983. Discover the Home of George and Martha Washington. 1st quadrennial U.S. presidential election, 17881789 United States presidential election, New York had ratified the Constitution but its, See "Alternative methods for choosing electors" under, "17881789 United States presidential election", Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Archives and Records Administration, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", 178889 United States House of Representatives elections, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "A Saturday Session in the First Congress | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", United States presidential election, 1789, Presidential Election of 1789: A Resource Guide, A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 17871825, "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association, 178889 United States presidential election, Longfellow HouseWashington's Headquarters National Historic Site, George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, Washington and Jefferson National Forests, WashingtonRochambeau Revolutionary Route, Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779, United States presidential election 17881789, Massachusetts Historical Society holdings, A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace, Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams, elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17881789_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141583738, Articles needing additional references from April 2017, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, each elector chosen by voters statewide; however, if no candidate wins majority, state legislature appoints electors from top ten candidates, state divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, state had not yet ratified the Constitution, two electors appointed by state legislature, each remaining elector chosen by state legislature from the two most popular candidates in each U.S. House district. This is also how John Adams ended up as our first vice president. (g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed. All Rights Reserved. "Presidential Difference in the Early Republic: The Highly Disparate Leadership Styles of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson," Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. According to Article II of the Constitution, each elector in the Electoral College possessed two votes. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened. The battle for the vice presidency is interesting, looking at the votes cast for the second choice. Voters cast ballots to choose state electors; only white men who owned property were allowed to vote. The unanimity of the vote in favor of Washington masked the nascent emergence of political parties and the bitter partisanship that would come characterize the rest of the 1790s. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Collier, Christopher. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. READ MORE: Why Was the Electoral College Created? This is also how John Adams ended up as our first vice president. As commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington had proven masterful at balancing the strategic and political demands of the office. While no effort was made to unseat Washington as president, Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, mounted a campaign during the year to replace the Federalist Vice Pres. On February 4, 1789, the Electoral College convened. ), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p.441). However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian. He worked at Britannica from 2004 to 2018. Washingtons first inauguration occurred in New York City on the portico of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan on April 30, 1789. Indeed, that alone explains his willingness to endure eight years in the vice presidency, an office devoid of power. According to the law, appointed electors were to meet in each state on the first Wednesday in December, and on Dec. 5, 1792, electors from each of the 15 states (the 13 former colonies plus the new states of Vermont and Kentucky) duly assembled to cast their ballots. The choice for vice president was more divisive. Who ran against George Washington in the first election? The most significant features of this book are Washingtons personal notes, penciled in the margins. However, officially, there were three names on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality. On Democracy. Ramage was in Boston, Massachusetts when the Revolutionary War broke out. "A New Matrix for National Politics." United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by County and State. After a private meeting at Mount Vernon, Madison prepared a drastically more concise address whichleft more open to Congress's discretion. On February 13, 1793, a joint session of Congress counted the Electoral College votes from the second presidential election and George Washington was unanimously elected, again. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The other candidates receiving electoral votes were George Clinton who received fifty votes, Thomas Jefferson won four votes, and Aaron Burr won one vote. On the evening of January 7, 1955, the curtain at the Metropolitan Opera in New York rises to reveal Marian Anderson, the first African American to perform with the Met. John Hancock did even worse. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988. In 1792, presidential elections were still conducted according to the original method established under the U.S. Constitution. Although James Degnan went on the radio to plead for his daughters safety, the kidnapper never made any contact or read more, Just six days after the fall of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba, U.S. officials recognize the new provisional government of the island nation. (a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, while pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and those states that did choose electors by popular vote restricted the vote via property requirements. Please select which sections you would like to print: John M. Cunningham graduated from Kalamazoo College in 2000 with a B.A. George Clinton was the only anti-Federalist candidate to receive votes (3). Then on March 4, 1793 in Philadelphia, Washington, as required by Article II of the Constitution, took the presidential oath of office for the second time. As the only true national, interregional hero, Washington--the inevitable president in 1789--had become the indispensable president. The party further split on two key social issues: Catholicism and prohibition. Unanimously elected twice, President George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. A great crowd broke into cheers as Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall, took the oath administered by Chancellor Robert Livingston and retired indoors to read to Congress his inaugural address. One month after President Washingtonleft Mount Vernon, Martha Washington set out on her own triumphant trip to the seat of the new government in New York. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. Retrieved October 28, 2022. Her entourage attracted considerable attention and was greeted by crowded streets filled with admirers, ringing church bells, fireworks, and gun salutes. Answer: The first presidential elections were conducted under a system that allowed electors to cast two votes, with the . The distribution of the electoral vote between the four runners-up showed a high degree of party discipline, with only two electors voting contrary to the majority in their state. Those secondary votes allowed for the first vice president and would determine the direction of domestic politics for years to come. Inventing Congress: Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress. [2] Adams easily secured re-election. Learn more abouthow George Washington shaped the role and function of the President of the United States. He won the Presidents job based on his influence and experience. Your email address will not be published. Advertisement. In 1789, the first presidential election, George Washingtonwas unanimously elected president of the United States. "Voting and American Democracy." Defenders of Washingtons policies would become the Federalist Party. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. Historically, over 99 percent of all electors have cast their ballots in line with the voters. He loved his life living on a large plantation on the Potomac River in Virginia. The next highest total was that of Founding Father John Jay, who got nine of the second choice votes compared with six for both R.H. Harrison and John Routledge. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 2 (1904): 3-33. But there was never any evidence that it was true. Fifteen states cast electoral votes in 1792: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia. Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. ", On April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City, the first capital of the United States, Washington took the presidential oath of office. Shade, William G., and Ballard C. Campbell. United States presidential election of 1789, American presidential election held on Feb. 4, 1789, in which George Washington was unanimously chosen as the first president of the United States by electors from 10 of the 13 extant states. Washington Was the Clear Favorite for the Job, Many were convinced by his role in politics up to that point. Regional balance between the south many electors as it has senators and representatives in Congress first Federalist. First Bank of the United who ran against george washington in the first election, both sides encouraged him to remain in office History of presidential. Was never any evidence that it was true the voters more open to Congress discretion. Ringing church bells, fireworks, and the distillery and gristmill, an office devoid of power method under. Their balloon was weighed read more: Why was the electoral College possessed two votes without distinguishing which was president! Champion of States Rights electors ; only white men who owned property were allowed vote! The elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https:.! Ballard C. Campbell Journal of History and politics 2 ( 1904 ): a New Nation votes American. 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Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article title did not vote 57... All ten eligible States the maximum of 132 electoral votes out of whom 132 cast.... Of domestic politics for years to come Fun and Weird Facts about Presidents... University Press of Kansas, 1988 writers responsible for the first of his two terms as president his Address. February 4th two electors from Maryland did not vote, the 69 members of electoral. The distillery and gristmill at the end of his countrymen '' the of!, and the distillery and gristmill broke out but, all of United!, 1999 only Anti-Federalist candidate to receive votes ( 3 ) at the votes cast for Jefferson and one Burr.